APP and Alzheimer disease: As low phosphorylated GSK3β (p-GSK3β) (Ser9) levels have been widely reported in various AD mouse models, such as APP/PS1 and 5×FAD (Crouch et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2019), GSK3β is considered the most important molecule in AD pathophysiology and a pivotal marker for neurodegeneration in AD (Takashima, 2006; Lauretti et al., 2020).