The results of the GSEA analysis showed the activation of more tumor-related pathways in the C1 subtype, such as pathways in cancer, notch signaling pathway, focal adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, and TGF-β signaling pathway (Figure 1F), suggesting that the C1 subtype is more closely related to cancer than the C2 subtype. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.