CXCR4 and neoplasm: Regarding the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway, it was previously reported that concurrent radiotherapy and cisplatin chemotherapy increased CXCL12 mRNA expression and levels of phosphorylated CXCR4 (pCXCR4), pAKT, pERK, and PD-L1 in tumor cell regions, in addition to Ly6G and F4/80 in the stroma of the orthotopic uterine cervical cancer xenografts 38.