In vitro studies of H-1PV found selective killing of glioma cells via a cathepsin-mediated mechanism, which translated to prolonged survival in glioma-bearing rats treated with intratumoral, intravenous, and intranasal H-1PV inoculation, again via elevated cathepsin activation and activity (Di Piazza et al., 2007; Geletneky et al., 2010). This evidence concerns the gene CTSS and glioma.