CTLA4 and urinary bladder cancer: Blockade of CTLA4 using the checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab has been shown to improve survival in patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma when compared to use of a peptide vaccine alone (Hodi et al., 2010), and similar anti-CTLA4 therapies are currently being studied in clinical trials for cervical cancer, bladder cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma.