Furthermore, ephrinA1/ephA2 expression and phosphorylation of ephA2 were upregulated in Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines-treated, RV-infected, and poly(I:C)-treated cells, which suggests that ephA2 is activated in the sinonasal mucosa of CRS patients and in RV-infected mucosa. Here, EPHA2 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.