In order to find out if myeloid cell function could be programed during the PCA2 infection at the level of their upstream progenitors, HSPCs were isolated from the bone marrow of uninfected, 3-day or 7-day PCA2-infected mice or the spleen of 7-day PCA2-infected mice, and M-CSF-differentiated ex vivo into macrophages to assess their ability to produce cytokines (Figure 7A). This evidence concerns the gene CASC19 and infection.