TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: TH17 cells have a major role in inducing the proinflammatory effects of cytokines (G-CSF, IL1B, IL6, and TNF) and chemokines (KC, MIP2A, IL8, IP10, MIP3A) through secretion of inerleukin-17 (IL17), thus contributing to the cytokine storm and subsequent ARDS in COVID-19 patients (262–264).