The aim of the study presented herein is to extend the findings of our previous studies to determine whether the T and B cell phenotypic features which have previously been identified as being able to distinguish between benign prostate disease and PCa in asymptomatic men having PSA levels < 20 ng/ml (11) can also be used to detect the presence and clinical risk of PCa in a larger cohort of patients whose PSA levels ranged between 3 and 2617 ng/ml, the PCa disease status of whom had been determined using either the TPTP or TRUS biopsy. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.