Primary immunomodulatory agents such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (43), corticosteroids (44, 45), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (46) and celecoxib (47) as possible treatments for core autism symptoms have garnered research attention, alongside recognition that other medications widely used in ASD, such as the atypical antipsychotic risperidone for example, have immunomodulatory actions (48). Here, POMC is linked to autism.