Urinary concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), placental growth factor-1 (PIGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) in IC/BPS patients before and after dextrose prolotherapy and its comparison between IC/BPS patients and healthy patients, respectively. Here, VEGFD is linked to Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.