TLR4 and gastric cancer: Sophoridine has been shown to exert potent cytotoxic activity against gastric cancer cells (Table 2) by suppressing the polarization of M2 tumor–associated macrophages, increasing the polarization of M1-tumor–associated macrophages through the TLR4/IRF3 pathway, and inhibiting tumor-associated macrophage infiltration by downregulating the expression of CCR2 in the gastric cancer microenvironment, subsequently enhancing the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells and alleviating CD8+ T cell function exhaustion (Zhuang et al., 2020) (Figure 3).