AGER and leukemia: In examining Jurkat E6 leukemia cells and blood-derived mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells), one of the earlier studies found that high levels of S100B (RAGE ligand secreted by reactive astrocytes) potentiates RAGE expression and triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNFα and IL-1β (Hofmann et al., 1999; Figure 1).