Activation of NLRP3 expression by S100A8/S100A9 inhuman PBMCs increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα) and chemokines (IL-8, Gro-α, MIP-1α/β) that are prevalent in gliomas (Simard et al., 2013). Here, TNF is linked to central nervous system cancer.