Moreover, as shown in Figure 4D, HF, ATS and HF-ATS still induced cell death when caspase-8 and caspase-9 both were blocked; and cell death was also observed in all treatments upon caspase-3 inhibition (Figure 1H), which demonstrates that HF, ATS or HF-ATS induces cell death through induction of autophagy. Here, CASP8 is linked to Andersen-Tawil syndrome.