AR and prostate carcinoma: To better understand the mechanistic basis behind enzalutamide resistance, we developed an in vitro model by chronically treating human LNCaP, MDA-PCa-2B, and LAPC4 prostate cancer cells (AR-signaling intact) with gradually increasing doses of enzalutamide (up to 30 μM) for >12 weeks to mimic the clinical conditions in standard long-term enzalutamide therapy (13).