VEGFA and neoplasm: Atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1, humanised, engineered immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody designed to block the binding of tumour cell-expressed programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to PD-1 and CD80 (B7.1), activates the immune response directed by T cells during tumour cell recognition and reverses the PD-L1/PD-1-mediated inhibition of T cells to reconstruct anticancer immunity by improving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated immunomodulatory effects and chemotherapy-induced tumour cell antigen exposure (Furuya et al. 2021; Reck et al. 2020).