The safety and therapeutic efficacy of an HPV16 E6/E7 RNA-LPX vaccine is currently being investigated in a phase I clinical trial in patients with HPV-driven cancers including HNSCC, anogenital, cervical and penile cancers (NCT03418480) and in a phase II clinical trial in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with HPV16+ and PD-L1+ HNSCC (NCT04534205). Here, CD274 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.