TNF and Hepatic fibrosis: The mechanism of CCl4‐induced liver injury can be summarized as follows: A) CCl4 toxicity leads to hepatocyte necrosis, mitochondrial damage and aggravate oxidative stress; B) CCl4‐induced proinflammatory (such as TNFα) and pro‐fibrotic cytokines (such as TGF‐β) can further aggravate the degree of liver fibrosis.27, 28, 29