CCL2 and neoplasm: As the dominant member of the TME, CAFs participate in all stages of tumor progression, including tumorigenesis and metastasis (30), in which CAFs support the TME via cell–cell interactions and the secretion of regulators to promote neo-angiogenesis, accumulate inhibitory immune cells, remodel the ECM, and promote EMT, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), TGFβ, CXCL12, CCL2, IL6, and MMPs, among others (31).