More recent studies identified the presence of immature and activated dendritic cells (DC) in ventral horns and corticospinal tracts of ALS patients (Henkel et al., 2004) as well as the presence of activated CD68+ monocytes/macrophages/microglial cells and of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the vicinity of MNs (Kawamata et al., 1992; Henkel et al., 2004). Here, CD4 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.