JUN and Alzheimer disease: It has been found that AP-1 and NFκB together induce the expression of several target genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) that are involved in neuroinflammatory and antioxidant defense pathways associated with AD pathology (Oguro et al., 1996; Lakshminarayanan et al., 1998).