The expression of Pdx1 mRNA in vitro is negatively impacted by prolonged exposure to high glucose.10,16 Additionally, PDX1 binding to the target MafA Region 3 control domain was reduced under oxidative stress imparted by H2O2 treatment.13 Importantly, both MAFA and PDX1 (as well as the TF NKX6.1) protein levels were lost from human T2D islet β-cells, thus linking these TF levels to human β-cell dysfunction and diabetes.13 This evidence concerns the gene MAFA and type 2 diabetes mellitus.