Changes in metabolic processes are accompanied by disruption of insulin signaling pathways, as demonstrated by reduced phosphorylation of the insulin signaling hub Akt in primary flexor digitorum superficialis muscle from IUGR fetal and neonatal sheep when incubated with low or high insulin concentrations (Cadaret et al., 2019a,c; Yates et al., 2019; Posont et al., 2021). Here, INS is linked to fetal growth restriction.