ELK1, as a transcriptional activator involved in the MAPK/ERK pathway, induces the proliferation and/or migration/invasion of bladder and prostate cancer cells as well as resistance to the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin in bladder cancer cells ((Kawahara et al., 2015), (Kawahara et al., 2016)). Here, ELK1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.