ATF3 and malignant colon neoplasm: ATF3 could promote the apoptosis of T-cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, colon cancer cells, and endometrial cancer cells (Jan et al., 2012; Joo et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Chueh et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020), while the overexpression of ATF3 promoted the metastasis of breast cancer and prostate cancer (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2006; Wolford et al., 2013).