PTEN and gastric cancer: B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) actively regulates the stem cell-like properties of GC cells by increasing miR-21, which targets the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway and promotes human GC cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis (Zhang et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2018e).