TNF and heart failure: Irrefutably, increased levels of TNFα in the stress state has been linked to the pathophysiology of heart failure development in various clinical investigations (Ferrari et al., 1995; De Biase et al., 2003; Dunlay et al., 2008) and animal models (Bozkurt et al., 1998; Bryant et al., 1998; Moe et al., 2004; Guggilam et al., 2007; Adzika et al., 2021; Hou H. et al., 2021).