While CD4:CD8 and TH1:TH2 ratios were not significantly skewed in COVID-19 compared to controls, a significantly lower M1:M2 ratio was observed in COVID-19 [median 0.17 (mean 0.32) in COVID-19 compared to 0.76 (1.34) in controls, p=0.001] (Figure 3). Here, CD8A is linked to COVID-19.