TNF and Stroke: Pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in post-mortem tissue of stroke patients, such as interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, interferon (IFN) γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and IL-15 (Doll et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2016; Zrzavy et al., 2017; Wimmer et al., 2018).