TNF and cancer: The researchers used a mouse model and showed that TNF inhibition before the start of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 combination therapy prevents autoimmune adverse events, and partially enhances the anti-tumour efficacy of the combined treatment.48 Mice injected with cancer cell lines intraperitoneally and treated with anti-CTLA4 plus anti-PD1, developed autoimmune colitis following dual checkpoint inhibition.