Eighteen genes were significantly increased in expression in ALS astrocytes but were significantly decreased in both MCAO and SCI astrocytes (including PYGL, VEGFA, NR3C2, MAGT1, RECK, CSRP1; ANOVA test P = 6.8 × 1011), and 15 genes were decreased in ALS but increased in both protective astrocyte data sets (including GAP43, ADAMTS4, SPP1, RUBCN, GCH1, PGD, PDE3B, DUSP5, CD9; P = 1.1 × 105) (Supplemental Table S5). Here, PDE3B is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.