Increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β were detectable in all 3 Malaria groups compared to healthy controls, reaching significance in P. falciparum and mixed cases (p = 0.0025 and p <0.0001, respectively) and near significance in the P. vivax cases (p = 0.0697; Fig 4D). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and malaria.