TNF and COVID-19: Based on the similarity of SARS-CoV-2 with other coronaviruses, it has been hypothesized that pathways involving nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), transforming growth factor-β, cytokine regulation, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Jun n-terminal protein kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interferon (IFN) signaling may be affected in COVID-19 [16].