CCL2 and infection: More specifically, we observed lower levels of: (1) IL-8, MCP-1 and MIP-1β, responsible for the recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes at the site of infection [42,43]; (2) IL-6 and TNF-α, directly involved in the early stage of pathogen-induced inflammatory response; and (3) GCS-F, involved in cell growth and differentiation [44,45,46].