The complex crosstalk within tumor microenvironment cellular players is mediated by several tumor-derived cytokines (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; interleukin 1 beta, IL-1β; granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF), which also have a role in immunomodulation [72]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.