While adaptive immune responses to IAV after CS exposure are less well characterized compared to innate responses, chronic CS exposure (>2 weeks) leads to decreased IFN production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [35], no change to serum (IgG) IAV-specific antibodies 6 weeks post infection [41], but decreased levels of IAV IgA [37,54]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and infection.