GCG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Some other possible berberine mechanisms of action against obesity are modulation of the gut microbiota by increasing the amount of intestinal peptides (such as GLP-1, GLP-2 and peptide YY), decreasing the number of inhibitory gastric polypeptides by inhibiting the LXR alpha expression, cholesterol absorption and hepatic gluconeogenesis [10,11], suppression of adipocyte differentiation and proliferation by reducing galectin-3 levels [12], blocking adipogenesis by inhibiting CREB activity [13].