AKT1 and cancer: TME acidosis increases myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), heterogenic clusters of immune cells during cancer, by stimulating neutrophils through activating PI3K/Akt, which regulates proliferation, and ERK/MAPK pathways, which produce proinflammatory cytokines (Martinez et al., 2006; Gabrilovich and Nagaraj, 2009).