CSF2 and prostate carcinoma: In the bone marrow, Gas6 and TGFß2 are thought to promote prostate cancer dormancy (Jung et al., 2012; Taichman et al., 2013; Ruppender et al., 2015; Yumoto et al., 2016) while GM-CSF promotes stem cell release from the bone marrow, which may provide cues for metastatic cancer cells in the bone marrow to exit from dormancy and proliferate (Dai et al., 2010).