In low- and middle-income countries like China, due to a relatively low willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold, most published economic evaluations demonstrated that innovative PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, including pembrolizumab (10, 11), atezolizumab (12), nivolumab (13), etc., were not cost-effective at public list prices as first-line treatment for NSCLC and could impose a profound financial consequence on cancer treatment spending. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.