KLK3 and prostate cancer: When Trichomonas vaginalis infection causes inflammation, a variety of cytokines are expressed, such as IL-6, IL-8, KF- κ B. These cytokines will interact with macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PIM-1, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) to polarize macrophages into M2 and induce prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration (130, 131).