KRAS and neoplasm: To overcome the challenges of profiling the molecular and genomic landscape of PDAC in patients from all tumour stages (i.e. I-IV), we have demonstrated the feasibility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) biopsy, a common diagnostic procedure, as a reliable source of tissue for genetic profiling (e.g. KRAS mutation analysis) (14–16).