TNF and fatty liver disease: In murine fatty liver disease, M1-like macrophages promote TG synthesis by increasing the activity of diacylglycerol (DAG) transferase (19), promoting liver inflammation through vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and TNF-α (42) and by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) (43).