TNF and cyclic hematopoiesis: In the present study, CuE (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) post-treatment for 28 successive days attenuated the CH-induced increase in TNF-α (p < .05, p < .001) [F(5,41) = 81.95, p < .001], NF-κB (p < .01, p < .001) [F(5,41) = 27.97, p < .001], MPO (p < .01, p < .001) [F(5,41) = 43.84, p < .001], MMP-9 (p < .01, p < .001) [F(5,41) = 31.52, p < .001], and iNOS (p < .05, p < .001) [F(5,41) = 33.60, p < .001] in the brain of rats with respect to rats that were exposed to CH and vehicle treatments (Figure 4).