IL1B and Sepsis: In the immune response to sepsis, exogenous factors derived from the pathogen (e. g., LPS) and endogenous factors released by injured cells (e. g., high-mobility group box-1 protein) can interact with various pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors, then upregulate the expression of inflammation-related genes, and trigger the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and adaptor protein 1 (Kawai and Akira, 2010; Lamkanfi, 2011; Raymond et al., 2017).