KRAS and neoplasm: Notably, the KRAS gene frequently mutates in other cancers, such as pancreatic and lung, and is associated with poor prognosis, increased tumor aggressiveness and metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapies (Slebos et al., 1990; Hanahan and Weinberg, 2011; Pylayeva-Gupta et al., 2011).