In particular, different experimental models of multiple sclerosis, astrogliosis and arrhythmogenesis have suggested that the NaV/NCX co-localization supports NCX reversal following NaV-mediated Na+ influx (Craner et al., 2004a; Craner et al., 2004b; Floyd et al., 2005; Larbig et al., 2010; Pappalardo et al., 2014; Radwański et al., 2016; Struckman et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TLX2; the disease is multiple sclerosis.