Several studies have proposed that T2DM is associated with long-term chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by an increase in circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Coope et al., 2016; Eguchi and Nagai, 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.