Interestingly, recent studies have also shown that probiotic supplementation can prevent and improve type 2 diabetes by reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP, and regulating the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (Brunkwall and Orho-Melander, 2017; Woldeamlak et al., 2019; Harkins et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.