CAV1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The scaffold protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) on the cell membrane is a key protein to maintain energy homeostasis by regulating energy metabolism and mediating the signal transduction of glucose and lipid metabolism (Baudrand et al., 2016), which is closely associated with metabolic-related diseases such as diabetes (Bonds et al., 2019; Haddad et al., 2020), obesity (Chang et al., 2017), cardiovascular disease (Mayurasakorn et al., 2018), and cancer (Sotgia et al., 2012; Zhang Z. et al., 2020).