TNF and inflammatory response: Over the course of 7 days, DSS-treated TRPV1-hM4Di mice developed intestinal inflammation characterized by a slight decrease in the body weight (Figure 6A), increase in macroscopic damages (Figure 6B, 6C) and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6 (Figure 6D to 6F).