Chronic CNO treatment significantly reduced Iba-1 expressing microglia in both segments of the spinal cord of TRPV1-hM4Di colitis mice (Figure 4G) confirming that chemogenetic inhibition of TRPV1+ visceral afferents during DSS regimen is sufficient to reduce spinal microglia activation associated with VHS in colitis. The gene discussed is AIF1; the disease is colitis.