Cytokines such as IL‐10, TGF‐ß, VEGF and hepatocyte growth factor are produced by hepatic stromal cells including Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells to reduce the recruitment and activity of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and upregulate the production and activity of tumour‐associated macrophages, Tregs and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).48, 73, 74, 75, 76. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.